1	"Brad Rippe" Brad Rippe
2	Overview 8.1 An Array Type for Strings 8.2 The Standard string Class 8.3 Vectors
3	"An Array Type for Strings" An Array Type for Strings
4	An Array Type for Strings C-strings can be used to represent strings of characters C-strings are stored as arrays of characters C-strings use the null character '\0' to end a string The Null character is a single character To declare a C-string variable, declare an array of characters: char s[9];
5	C-string Details Declaring a C-string as char s[10] creates space for only nine characters The null character terminator requires one space A C-string variable does not need a size variable The null character immediately follows the last character of the string Example:
6	C-string Declaration To declare a C-string variable, use the syntax: type arrayName[size+1]; + 1 reserves the additional character needed by '\0'
7	Initializing a C-string To initialize a C-string during declaration: char message[20] = "Hi there."; The null character '\0' is added for you Another alternative: char fileName[] = “input.txt"; but not this: char fileName[] = {‘i', ‘n', ‘p', ‘u', ‘t', ‘.', ‘t', ‘x', ‘t'};
8	C-string error This attempt to initialize a C-string does not cause the \0 to be inserted in the array char fileName[] = {‘i', ‘n', ‘p', ‘u', ‘t', ‘.', ‘t', ‘x', ‘t'};
9	Don't Change '\0' Do not to replace the null character when manipulating indexed variables in a C-string If the null character is lost, the array cannot act like a C-string Example: int size = 0; while(myString[size] != '\0') { myString[size] = 'X'; size++; } This code depends on finding the null character!
10	Safer Processing of C-strings The loop on the previous slide depended on finding the '\0' character It would be wiser to use this version in case the '\0' character had been removed int index = 0; while(myString[index] != '\0’ && index < size) { myString[index] = 'X'; index++; }
11	Assignment With C-strings This statement is illegal: myString = "Hello"; This is an assignment statement, not an initialization The assignment operator does not work with C-strings
12	Assignment of C-strings A common method to assign a value to a C-string variable is to use strcpy, defined in the cstring library Example: #include <cstring> … char myString[11]; strcpy(myString, "Hello"); Places "Hello" followed by the null character in myString
13	A Problem With strcpy strcpy can create problems if not used carefully strcpy does not check the declared length of the first argument It is possible for strcpy to write characters beyond the declared size of the array
14	Problem copying cstrings char cString1[] = "Please email my message to the class!"; char cString2[] = ""; strcpy(cString2, cString1); cout << "cString1 = " << cString1 << endl; cout << "cString2 = " << cString2 << endl; What happens here? cString2 only gets allocated enough memory for an empty string cString1 is given the memory after cString2 when cString1 is copied to cString2, it overwrites part of cString1 this is bad
15	A Solution for strcpy Many versions of C++ have a safer version of strcpy named strncpy strncpy uses a third argument representing the maximum number of characters to copy Example: char myString[10]; strncpy(myString, myStr, 9); This code copies up to 9 characters into another_string, leaving one space for '\0‘ If third argument is less than or equal to the length of source, a null character is not appended automatically to the copied string. If count is greater than the length of source, the destination string is padded with null characters up to length count. strncpy does not check for sufficient space in destination; it is therefore a potential cause of buffer overruns. Keep in mind that count limits the number of characters copied; it is not a limit on the size of destination
16	Problem copying cstrings char cString1[] = "Please email my message to the class!"; char cString2[] = ""; strncpy(cString2, cString1, cString1Size); cout << "cString1 = " << cString1 << endl; cout << "cString2 = " << cString2 << endl; What happens here now? Same problem…. But if we know the size of cString1 we can limit this issue
17	Problem copying cstrings char cString1[] = "Please email my message to the class!"; // size is 37 +1 for the null char cString2[38] = ""; strncpy(cString2, cString1, cString1Size); cout << "cString1 = " << cString1 << endl; cout << "cString2 = " << cString2 << endl; // assume cString1Size is 38 How do we fix the problem? Set the size of cString2 to the number of characters in the source string. This will allocate enough memory so that the issue will be avoided.
18	Depre-what? warning C4996: 'strncpy' was declared deprecated Deprecated functions means that these particular functions are not recommended to be used. There are better functions which should be used instead.
19	strcpy_s From Microsoft MSDN: “For example, the strcpy function has no way of telling if the string that it is copying is too big for its destination buffer. However, its secure counterpart, strcpy_s, takes the size of the buffer as a parameter, so it can determine if a buffer overrun will occur. If you use strcpy_s to copy eleven characters into a ten-character buffer, that is an error on your part; strcpy_s cannot correct your mistake, but it can detect your error and inform you by invoking the invalid parameter handler.” You can use strcpy_s to avoid buffer overflow and the other secure versions of the deprecated functions (in VS 2005) http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/8ef0s5kh(VS.80).aspx This is part of the ISO Standard and not the ANSI standard ISO - International Organization for Standardization American National Standards Institute - ANSI
20	strcpy_s Parameters strDestination Location of destination string buffer sizeInBytes, sizeInWords Size of the destination string buffer. strSource Null-terminated source string buffer. Returns Zero if successful; an error otherwise.
21	== Alternative for C-strings The = = operator does not work as expected with C-strings The predefined function strcmp is used to compare C-string variables Example: #include <cstring> … if (strcmp(string1, string2)) cout << "Strings are not the same."; else cout << "String are the same.";
22	strcmp's logic strcmp compares the numeric codes of elements in the C-strings a character at a time If the two C-strings are the same, strcmp returns 0 0 is interpreted as false As soon as the characters do not match strcmp returns a negative value if the numeric code in the first parameter is less strcmp returns a positive value if the numeric code in the second parameter is less Non-zero values are interpreted as true
23	strcmp() char cString1[] = "Please email my message to the class!"; char cString2[50]; // strcmp compares strings lexicographically returns // < 0 string1 less than string2 ;0 string1 identical to string2 ; > 0 string1 greater than string2 if(cString1 == cString2) { cout << "string 1 is equal to string 2\n"; } else { cout << "string 1 is not equal to string 2\n"; } if(strcmp(cString1, cString2) < 0) { cout << "string 1 is less than string 2\n"; } else if(strcmp(cString1, cString2) == 0) { cout << "string 1 equal to string 2\n"; } else if(strcmp(cString1, cString2) > 0) { cout << "string 1 is greater than string 2\n"; }
24	More C-string Functions The cstring library includes other functions strlen returns the number of characters in a string int x = strlen(myString); strcat concatenates two C-strings The second argument is added to the end of the first The result is placed in the first argument Example: char aString[20] = "The rain"; strcat(aString, "in Spain"); Now stringVar contains "The rainin Spain"
25	The strncat Function strncat is a safer version of strcat A third parameter specifies a limit for the number of characters to concatenate Example: char aString[20] = "The rain"; strncat(aString, "in Spain", 11);
26	C-strings as Arguments and Parameters C-string variables are arrays C-string arguments and parameters are used just like other arrays If a function changes the value of a C-string parameter, it is best to include a parameter for the declared size of the C-string If a function does not change the value of a C-string parameter, the null character can detect the end of the string and no size argument is needed
27	C-string Output C-strings can be output with the insertion operator Example: char msg[] = “What a “; cout << msg << " Class!\n”;
28	C-string Input The extraction operator >> can fill a C-string Whitespace ends reading of data Example: char a[80]; char b[80]; cout << "Enter input: " << endl; cin >> a >> b; cout << a << b << "End of Output"; could produce: Enter input: Do be do to you! DobeEnd of Output
29	Reading an Entire Line Predefined member function getline can read an entire line, including spaces getline is a member of all input streams getline has two arguments The first is a C-string variable to receive input The second is an integer, usually the size of the first argument specifying the maximum number of elements in the first argument getline is allowed to fill
30	Using getline The following code is used to read an entire line including spaces into a single C-string variable int lineLength = 0; int numberOfLines = 0; char line[LINE_SIZE]; while(!aInFile.eof()) { aInFile.getline(line, LINE_SIZE); lineLength = aInFile.gcount(); NumberOfLines++; } cout << “The last line txt “ << line << endl; cout << “The line length “ << lineLength << endl; cout << “The number of lines “ << numberOfLines << endl; and could produce: The last line txt Title: Spurs 86, Heat 83 The line length 24 The number of lines 432
31	getline wrap up getline stops reading when the number of characters, less one, specified in the second argument have been placed in the C-string one character is reserved for the null character getline stops even if the end of the line has not been reached
32	getline and Files C-string input and output work the same way with file streams Replace cin with the name of an input-file stream iStream >> myString; iStream.getline(myString, 80); Replace cout with the name of an output-file stream outStream << myString;
33	getline syntax Syntax for using getline is cin.getline(stringVar, maxChars + 1); cin can be replaced by any input stream maxChars + 1 reserves one element for the null character
34	C-String to Numbers “86" is a string of characters 86 is a number When doing numeric input, it is useful to read input as a string of characters, then convert the string to a number Reading money may involve a dollar sign Reading percentages may involve a percent sign
35	C-strings to Integers To read an integer as characters Read input as characters into a C-string, removing unwanted characters Use the predefined function atoi to convert the C-string to an int value Example: atoi(“86") returns the integer 86 atoi("#33") returns 0 because # is not a digit #include <cstdlib>
36	C-string to long Larger integers can be converted using the predefined function atol atol returns a value of type long long int
37	C-string to double C-strings can be converted to type double using the predefined function atof atof returns a value of type double Example: atof("9.99") returns 9.99 atof("$9.99") returns 0.0 because the $ is not a digit
38	Library cstdlib The conversion functions atoi atol atof are found in the library cstdlib To use the functions use the include directive #include <cstdlib>
39	cctype library
40	Numeric Input We now know how to convert C-strings to numbers How do we read the input? Function getATeam() string fileData; char score[20]; // get the first team aInFile >> fileData; aTeams[aTeamSize][aTeamIndex] = fileData; aInFile >> score; cleanScore(score); aWinsLosses[aTeamSize][aTeamIndex] = atoi(score); Uses atoi to convert the "cleaned-up" C-string to int From the data in nbaScores.txt Title: Sonics 96, Bobcats 89 Description: Ray Allen's spinning three-point play with 1:25 left capped a 34-point game, and the Seattle SuperSonics pulled away late for a 96-89 win over the Charlotte Bobcats on Sunday night. Link: http://www.nba.com/games/20070304/CHASEA/boxscore.html?rss=true
41	Section 8.1 Conclusion Can you Describe the benefits of reading numeric data as characters before converting the characters to a number? Write code to do input and output with C-strings? Use the atoi, atol, and atof functions? Identify the character that ends a C-string?
42	"The Standard string Class" The Standard string Class
43	The Standard string Class The string class allows the programmer to treat strings as a basic data type No need to deal with the implementation as with C-strings The string class is defined in the string library and the names are in the standard namespace To use the string class you need these lines: #include <string> using namespace std;
44	Assignment of Strings Variables of type string can be assigned with the = operator Example: string s1; string s2; string s3; … s3 = s2; Quoted strings are type cast to type string Example: string s1 = "Hello Mom!";
45	Using + With strings Variables of type string can be concatenated with the + operator Example: string s1; string s2; string s3; … s3 = s1 + s2; If s3 is not large enough to contain s1 + s2, more space is allocated
46	Using + With strings char cString1[80] = "I wonder if you're really"; char cString2[] = " going to read this??"; string string1 = "There might be "; string string2 = "a real chance that you will!"; // the book uses strcat // Only with VS 2005 - strcat_s() because strcat has been deprecated. strcat_s() is a more secure version of strcat(), but you can use strcat too! cout << "Output the cstrings\n"; cout << strcat_s(cString1, cString2) << endl; // the + operator doesn't add the characters but // concatenates the strings together creating one string cout << "Output the strings\n"; cout << string1 + string2 << endl;
47	string Constructors The default string constructor initializes the string to the empty string Another string constructor takes a C-string argument Example: string phrase; // empty string string noun("ants"); // a string version // of "ants"
48	Mixing strings and C-strings It is natural to work with strings in the following manner string phrase = "I love" + adjective + " " + noun + "!"; It is not so easy for C++! It must either convert the null-terminated C-strings, such as "I love", to strings, or it must use an overloaded + operator that works with strings and C-strings
49	I/O With strings The insertion operator << is used to output objects of type string Example: string s = "Hello Mom!"; cout << s; The extraction operator >> can be used to input data for objects of type string Example: string s1; cin >> s1; >> skips whitespace and stops on encountering more whitespace
50	I/O with string string word; while(inFile >> word) { ... }
51	getline and Type string A getline function exists to read entire lines into a string variable This version of getline is not a member of the istream class, it is a non-member function Syntax for using this getline is different than that used with cin: cin.getline(…) Syntax for using getline with string objects: getline(istream_Object, string_Object); From #include <string>
52	getline Example This code demonstrates the use of getline with string objects string line; cout "Enter a line of input:\n"; getline(cin, line); cout << line << "END OF OUTPUT\n"; Output could be: Enter some input: Do be do to you! Do be do to you!END OF OUTPUT
53	Character Input With strings The extraction operator cannot be used to read a blank character To read one character at a time remember to use cin.get cin.get reads values of type char, not type string
54	Another Version of getline The versions of getline we have seen, stop reading at the end of line marker '\n' getline can stop reading at a character specified in the argument list This code stops reading when a '?' is read string line; cout <<"Enter some input: \n"; getline(cin, line, '?');
55	getline Returns a Reference getline returns a reference to its first argument This code will read in a line of text into s1 and a string of non-whitespace characters into s2: string s1; string s2; getline(cin, s1) >> s2; cin >> s2;
56	getline Declarations These are the declarations of the versions of getline for string objects we have seen Syntax: #include <string> istream& getline( istream& is, string& s, char delimiter = '\n' );
57	Mixing cin >> and getline Recall cin >> n skips whitespace to find what it is to read then stops reading when whitespace is found cin >> leaves the '\n' character in the input stream Example: int n; string line; cin >> n; getline(cin, line); leaves the '\n' which immediately ends getline's reading…line is set equal to the empty string
58	ignore ignore is a member of the istream class ignore can be used to read and discard all the characters, including '\n' that remain in a line Ignore takes two arguments First, the maximum number of characters to discard Second, the character that stops reading and discarding Example: cin.ignore(1000, '\n'); reads up to 1000 characters or to '\n'
59	String Processing The string class allows the same operations we used with C-strings…and more Characters in a string object can be accessed as if they are in an array fileName[i] provides access to a single character as in an array Index values are not checked for validity!
60	Member Function length The string class member function length returns the number of characters in the string object: Example: int n = fileName.length( ); The provides much more power than cstrings in that we don’t have to keep size, string object do that for us
61	Member Function at at is an alternative to using [ ]'s to access characters in a string. at checks for valid index values Example: string str("Mary"); cout << str[6] << endl; cout << str.at(6) << endl; str[2] = 'X'; str.at(2) = 'X';
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63	Comparison of strings Comparison operators work with string objects Objects are compared using lexicographic order (Alphabetical ordering using the order of symbols in the ASCII character set.) = = returns true if two string objects contain the same characters in the same order Remember strcmp for C-strings? <, >, <=, >= can be used to compare string objects
64	string Objects to C-strings Recall the automatic conversion from C-string to string: char cString[] = "C-string"; stringVar = cString; strings are not converted to C-strings Both of these statements are illegal: cString = stringVar; strcpy(cString, stringVar);
65	Converting strings to C-strings The string class member function c_str returns the C-string version of a string object Example: strcpy(cString, stringVar.c_str( ) ); This line is still illegal cString = stringVar.c_str( ) ; Recall that operator = does not work with C-strings
66	Section 8.2 Conclusion Can you Show how a string object can be used like a C-string? Write code to read an entire line into a string object? Use the string function at to access individual characters in a string object? Write code to convert a string to a C-string?
67	"Vectors" Vectors
68	Vectors Vectors are like arrays that can change size as your program runs Vectors, like arrays, have a base type To declare an empty vector with base type int: vector<int> v; <int> identifies vector as a template class You can use any base type in a template class: vector<string> v;
69	Vector from STL Standard Template Library - STL Provides containers, iterators and algorithms that you don’t have to program. They have been given to you for FREE! J Java has what’s known as the collections classes which contains similar containers, iterators and algorithms for Java
70	Accessing vector Elements Vectors elements are indexed starting with 0 [ ]'s are used to read or change the value of an item: v[i] = 42; cout << v[i]; [ ]'s cannot be used to initialize a vector element
71	Initializing vector Elements Elements are added to a vector using the member function push_back push_back adds an element in the next available position Example: vector<double> sample; sample.push_back(0.0); sample.push_back(1.1); sample.push_back(2.2);
72	The size Of A vector The member function size returns the number of elements in a vector Example: To print each element of a vector given the previous vector initialization: for (int i= 0; i < teams.size(); i++) cout << teams[i] << endl;
73	The Type unsigned int The vector class member function size returns an unsigned int Unsigned int's are nonnegative integers Some compilers will give a warning if the previous for-loop is not changed to: for (unsigned int i= 0; i < teams.size( ); i++) cout << teams[i] << endl;
74	Alternate vector Initialization A vector constructor exists that takes an integer argument and initializes that number of elements Example: vector<int> v(10); initializes the first 10 elements to 0 v.size( ) would return 10 [ ]'s can now be used to assign elements 0 through 9 push_back is used to assign elements greater than 9
75	Vector Initialization With Classes The vector constructor with an integer argument Initializes elements of number types to zero Initializes elements of class types using the default constructor for the class
76	The vector Library To use the vector class Include the vector library #include <vector> Vector names are placed in the standard namespace so the usual using directive is needed: using namespace std;
77	vector Issues Attempting to use [ ] to set a value beyond the size of a vector may not generate an error The program will probably misbehave The assignment operator with vectors does an element by element copy of the right hand vector For class types, the assignment operator must make independent copies
78	vector Efficiency A vector's capacity is the number of elements allocated in memory Accessible using the capacity( ) member function Size is the number of elements initialized When a vector runs out of space, the capacity is automatically increased A common scheme is to double the size of a vector More efficient than allocating smaller chunks of memory
79	Controlling vector Capacity When efficiency is an issue Member function reserve can increase the capacity of a vector Example: v.reserve(32); // at least 32 elements v.reserve(v.size( ) + 10); // at least 10 more resize can be used to shrink a vector Example: v.resize(24); //elements beyond 24 are lost
80	Section 8.3 Conclusion Can you Declare and initialize a vector of 10 doubles? Write code to increase the size of a vector in at least two different ways? Describe the difference between a vector's size and its capacity?